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Ipswich Whitefriars
Ipswich Whitefriars is the name usually given to the Carmelite Priory, a Catholic religious house, which formerly stood near the centre of the medieval town of Ipswich, the county town of Suffolk, UK.〔W. Page (Ed.), 'Carmelite friars: Ipswich', ''A History of the County of Suffolk'' Volume 2 (1975), pp. 130-131. (at British History Online )〕 The Priory was founded in the 13th century (probably 1278-79) as an establishment of the Carmelite Order of White Friars, and stood until the 1530s, when its ancient revenues and endowments were depleted by Thomas Cromwell during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. In its heyday it was the home of many eminent scholars, supplied several Provincial superiors of the Order in England, and was repeatedly host to the provincial chapters of the Order. The site of the Priory is identified and has been exposed by excavation,〔N. F. Layard, 'Recent discoveries on the site of the Carmelite Convent of Ipswich,' ''Proc. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology'', 10 Part 2 (1899), 183-188.〕〔R. Malster, ''A History of Ipswich'' (Phillimore, Chichester 2000), 46. 〕 but nothing now remains visible above ground.
== Foundation and site ==
The foundation is attributed by William Dugdale to Sir Thomas de Loudham (but by John Speed to Lord Bardesley, Sir Jeffrey Hadley and Sir Robert Norton), and to the date 1279.〔V. B. Redstone, 'The Carmelites of Ipswich', ''Proc. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology'', 10 Part 2 (1899), 189-195.〕 The founding was simultaneous with the Carmelite house at Winchester (1278), closely following a Carmelite provincial chapter held at Norwich.〔Benedict Zimmerman, 'The White Friars at Ipswich,' ''Proc. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology'', 10 Part 2 (1899), 196-204.〕 King Edward I visited Ipswich in 1277, and in 1279 passed the Mortmain Act which gave many benefits to the Carmelites.〔Redstone 1899, 189-90.〕 The Order did not recognise the principle of filiation, so that Ipswich was not a daughter-house of Norwich, but looked only to the authority of the General and Provincial chapters. However, the first members of the new community were probably chosen from among those of Norwich.〔Zimmerman 1899, 196.〕
The site chosen was in the centre of the town, in an area south of the Buttermarket street and north of Old Foundry Road, at first to the east of St Stephen's Lane and afterwards over much of the area from St Stephen's Lane westward toward Queen Street.〔Layard 1899: Redstone 1899, 190-192.〕 This block corresponds roughly to the area occupied by the modern Ipswich Buttermarket shopping centre, erected c.1990.〔K. Wade, 'Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Ipswich' in D. Dymond and E. Martin (Eds), ''An Historical Atlas of Suffolk'' (1988).〕 The Priory lay on land of St Nicholas and St Lawrence parishes, though the Priory Gate (known as 'Stonehams') was in St Stephen's parish.〔Redstone 1899, 192.〕 During the Buttermarket excavations of 1987, the plundered footings of the Carmelite priory church were identified (beneath the site of the Buttermarket centre frontage), aligned at right-angles to St Stephen's Lane and with its east front overlooking the lower part of the lane.〔Malster 2000, 46.〕
St Stephen's Lane formed part of an ancient street leading north through Ipswich from a ford of the river Orwell, but its function as a northward route out of town had been curtailed since the building of the town ramparts during the 10th century.〔K. Wade, 'Gipeswic - East Anglia's First Economic Capital 600-1066', in N. P. Salmon and R. Malster (Eds), ''Ipswich from The First To The Third Millennium'' (Ipswich Society 2001), 1-6 and Map p. x.〕 (A rubble-built wall running along the west side of this road, north and south, thought to be part of the Whitefriars perimeter wall, was seen during excavations in 1899.〔Layard 1899.〕) The Carmelites obtained the right to enclose a town lane 150 yards long in January 1297 (when King Edward was again in Ipswich), and further purchases of land or alienations were made to them c.1316, 1329 and 1332: a final enlargement was made by a purchase for 100 marks by Prior John Reppes in 1396.〔Redstone 1899, 190-192.〕
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